Moscow cited the strikes, which allowed Islamic State fighters to briefly overrun a Syrian army position near Deir al-Zor airport, as evidence that the United States was helping the militants.
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The Syrian government was quick to insist that the strike was not a mistake.
The U.S. military said a coalition airstrike officials believed were against the terror group ISIS in Syria was halted Saturday after Russian officials said it was possible the targets were part of the Syrian military.
USA officials could still not confirm those numbers or whether Syrian armed forces had actually been killed in the strike.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reports at least 83 regime soldiers were killed and at least 120 wounded in the attack.
The US Central Command has issued a statement, saying that it had no intention of targeting Syrian government forces near Dier ez-Zor.
Russian Federation has long insisted on it and, if the ceasefire brokered by the two nations holds, the two nations are supposed to start coordinating attacks on Islamic State.
F-16 jets were involved in the attack.
US officials acknowledged the attack in a press release, and said that it was carried out under the impression that the coalition was striking ISIS targets.
If confirmed, the strikes would be the first time the US -led coalition has struck the Syrian regime’s forces.
The city’s military airport and some government-held districts have been entirely surrounded by Islamic State since previous year, with the airport providing the only external access.
Russian Federation said two F-16s and A-10 jets entered Syrian airspace from Iraq.
The Pentagon said in a statement that jets may have unintentionally struck Syrian troops while attacking Islamic State militants, but gave no further details.
“If this air strike was the result of a targeting error, it is a direct effect of the USA side’s stubborn unwillingness to coordinate its action against terrorist groups on Syrian territory with Russian Federation”, the defence ministry said in a statement.
The Islamic State-affiliated Amaq news outlet on Sunday claimed the jihadist group shot down a Syrian government aircraft over the embattled Deir Ezzor area in the country’s east.
Power’s remarks came after the Russian ambassador to the United Nations reportedly condemned the airstrike during the closed meeting.
Russian military officials meanwhile lashed out at both the United States and mainstream rebels in the strongest language yet over the ceasefire struck last week in Geneva, a last-ditch effort to stop the bloodshed in Syria.
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In an exchange reminiscent of Cold War-era verbal jousting, Russian Ambassador Vitaly Churkin returned by accusing the United States of violating agreements that it would not target Syrian positions and said the action was a “bad omen” for a US-Russian deal on halting the fighting in Syria.
