The teams were led by Charles A Gersbach of Duke University, Eric N Olson of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Amy J Wagers of Harvard University.
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203 challaned on first day of odd-even scheme in Delhi
Echoing his views, Deputy CM Manish Sisodia said Delhi has made its own mission and the government is merely assisting the people. Not only ministers but even volunteers requested violators to follow odd-even rule and greeted them with flower.
This is the first time that the CRISPR method has been used to successfully treat a genetic disease inside a fully developed living mammal. A second study has looked at gene editing in mouse egg and sperm cells of mice carrying Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Earlier the Duke University researchers had used the CRISPR technique for correcting the genetic mutations of Duchenne patients in their cultured cells whereas other labs also had tried correcting the single-cell embryo genes within the laboratory environment. But the latter approach is now unethical to attempt in humans, and the former faces many obstacles in delivering treated cells back to muscle tissues.
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Pathankot is on the highway that connects India’s insurgency wracked Jammu and Kashmir state with the rest of the country. New Delhi suspended all talks with Pakistan after Islamist gunmen attacked Mumbai in November 2008, killing 166 people.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease that affects roughly 5000 male babies every year, and it manifests by causing an increasingly debilitating weakness in the patient via genetic mutations that interfere with the proper development of muscle tissue. The condition leads to progressive muscle degeneration and premature death and it is the result of a gene mutation.
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On the Israeli side, 21 people have died, mostly in stabbings, shootings and car-ramming attacks. With the suspect still at large, the police declined to offer a motive.
Researchers have been trying for long to find a solution for treating this common hereditary illness through gene therapy, however, until now had little success. An alternative treatment, drugs based on chemicals known as antisense oligonucleotides, is in clinical trials. The dystrophin gene, which guides the protein’s production in the cell, sprawls across about one per cent of the X chromosome and is the largest in the human genome. They loaded the DNA-cutting system onto a virus that infected the mice’s muscle cells, and excised from the gene a defective stretch of DNA known as an exon. There are also different versions of AAV that can preferentially go to different tissues, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, so researchers can deliver them systemically.
The solution came from Feng Zhang, an investigator at the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard. After scouring the bacterial kingdom, Zhang discovered the much smaller Cas9 protein of Staphylococcus aureus. To restore expression of dystrophin proteins, Christopher Nelson et al. used the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system to delete exon 23, causing an additional shift in the genetic coding that allows dystrophin proteins to be expressed.
By applying the modified technique directly to the leg muscle of the affected animal, they were able to observe a series of corrections taking place throughout the entire mouse’s body.
“The best way we have to do it right now is to take advantage of viruses, because they have spent billions of years evolving to figure out how to get their own viral genes into cells”. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a progressive muscle-wasting disease that affects boys, putting them in wheelchairs by age 10, followed by an early death from heart failure or breathing difficulties.
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Previous research has suggested that even 4% would be enough to achieve adequate muscle function in patients with DMD. “But these results coming from our first experiments are very exciting”.
